Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field that combines branches of science such as engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, biotechnology, medicine, and pharmacy. Due to the rapid growth of interest in nanotechnology, new methods are needed to study the effects of nanoparticles on living organisms. In combination with in vitro and in vivo studies on vertebrate animals, valuable research data can be obtained through in vivo studies on invertebrates. Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster), widely known as the fruit fly, has long been a cornerstone of genetic and developmental biology research. Its popularity owes to the short life cycle and approximately 13,600 genes, many of which are homologous to human genes. In recent years, the use of D. melanogaster has also been extended to the rapidly growing scientific field of nanotechnology. As a model organism, D. melanogaster offers a unique combination of genetic tractability and conservativeness of biological pathways, making it an ideal candidate for studying the biological impacts of nanoparticles. This article discusses the types of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system, one of their classifications, and use in pharmacy. It also reviews the growing role of D. melanogaster in nanoparticle research, highlighting its potential to provide insights mainly into nanoparticle toxicity, biodistribution, and therapeutic applications.